Jumat, 30 Maret 2012

TUGAS TULISAN B. INGGRIS 2

THE DANGERS OF SMOKING FOR LONG TIME


On today may be familiar with the language of smoking, but many people who smoke have increased very rapidly. How this could rise so quickly? The spread is very wide and it can be difficult to control the desire of smoking in the first odd and even now there are children age 3 years had been able to smoke a cigarette and get upset if taken, might be less than the family to specifically prohibit children from the beginning of the bizarre behavior.

Annually tobacco companies may have produced over 200 billion cigarettes are already in production. Today many children around the age of 13 year old is smoking and this is very dangerous to children if not prevented by quickly. As we get there may be a few friends among those who already use and it also teaches them a friend who has not been used to try smoking.

Dangers of smoking must be considered because it can cause diseases such as lung disease, heart attacks, cancer, can cause miscarriage for pregnant women and probably many others. Effects of cigarette arise depending on how long they have been consuming cigarettes. It is very difficult to escape the feeling that cigarettes may not be forgotten, even those who have been free of cigarettes may return to smoking.

Dangers of smoking is also not claimed that the smoker but the people who inhale the cigarette smoke that passive smokers. This is very detrimental to secondhand smoke because he is not exposed to smoke but also the effects of smoking may be even more severe effects such as smoke from burning tobacco that is not perfect, and also smoke cigarettes if inhaled by the smoker as well then the smoker is also supplemental to that effect.

Thus for smokers from now to start or find ways to stop smoking, because of the enormous impact the health of our bodies. Ropes may be first of all by removing everything related to smoking such as ashtrays lighters other funds, clean items in the room of the smell of cigarette smoke, eat candy mints in order to eliminate the smell of smoke in your mouth, and exercise and drink enough water you will forget to cigarettes. All of these methods may not be easy to live but as long as there are great intentions and a strong purpose to refine our health then everything can be done well.

For those who have never consumed may often see or inhale cigarette smoke in their home environment as well as their friends, even for students may often be offered cigarettes by the people around him. From this it is also the factor of increase in people who consume cigarettes. And they offered was not good to refuse or even really very curious about the taste of cigarettes, making them consume cigarettes Environment is  influential for the person.

So from now on, do not try anything that may cause effects that are not good, always remember the impact that would occur if we try. Always treat your body to always maintain a healthy as eating a healthy diet and frequent exercise.

Kamis, 29 Maret 2012

Tugas 2 Adverbial Clause


ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb.
I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):
We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.
I like to fly kites for fun.

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:
Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause
common conjunctions
function
example
time clauses
when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.
These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses
if, unless, lest
These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.
If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses
in order to, so that, in order that
These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses
because, since, as, given
These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses
so...that
These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses
although, though, while
These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses
where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")
These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner
as, like, the way
These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

Exercise :
  1. "You may play after you have finished doing your homework" is an example of a matter of adverbial clause …
a.       Time.
b.      Place.
c.       Reason.
d.      Manner.
e.       Contrast.
Answer : a. time

  1. Which is the sentence of the adverbial clause of place?
a.       An elephant is stronger than a rabbit.
b.      She puts the milk in the refrigerator so that it doesn’t spoil.
c.       Mr. Hasan spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.
d.      I’ll go where I can find true happiness.
e.      As I wasn’t there, I didn’t know what had happened.
Answer : d. I’ll go where I can find true happiness


Reference :


Tugas 1 Direct and Indirect Speech


DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH


Direct Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.


Indirect Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

For example:
 Direct speech                                     Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.     He said he was going to the cinema.


Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
 Direct speech                                                                      Indirect speech

Present simple                                                                      Past simple
She said, "It's cold."                                                             She said it was cold.  
Present continuous                                                               Past continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."                                  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple                                                          Past perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."                        She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous                                                    Past perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."           She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple                                                                           Past perfect
She said, "I taught online yesterday."                                     She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous                                                                    Past perfect continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."                                          She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect                                                                          Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."   NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous                                                         Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."             NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.


Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speech                                                                         Indirect speech
will                                                                                         would
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."                          She said she would teach English online tomorrow.  
can                                                                                          could
She said, "I can teach English online."                                      She said she could teach English online.
must                                                                                        had to
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."       She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall                                                                                        should
She said, "What shall we learn today?"                                    She asked what we should learn today.
may                                                                                         might
She said, "May I open a new browser?"                                  She asked if she might open a new browser.



Exercise :
1.      Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
    Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

2.       Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman  : Okay, mom.
Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy            d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy            e. to be not so noisy
c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

Reference :